{"id":1898,"date":"2012-04-18T12:38:50","date_gmt":"2012-04-18T11:38:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.iese.edu\/martinezabascal\/?p=1898"},"modified":"2012-04-20T22:40:36","modified_gmt":"2012-04-20T21:40:36","slug":"deuda-publica-de-espana-y-de-otros-paises","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.iese.edu\/martinezabascal\/2012\/04\/18\/deuda-publica-de-espana-y-de-otros-paises\/","title":{"rendered":"Deuda p\u00fablica de Espa\u00f1a y de otros pa\u00edses"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Intentar\u00e9 contestar a algunos comentarios suscitados sobre la deuda p\u00fablica de Espa\u00f1a vs la de de otros socios europeos. El lector puede ver algunos de los 38 art\u00edculos anteriores al respecto, en la categor\u00eda \u201cGasto P\u00fablico. Crisis de la Deuda\u201d. Especialmente el de \u00bfEs sostenible la deuda de Espa\u00f1a?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>La deuda p\u00fablica de Espa\u00f1a est\u00e1 en torno al 70% del PIB, ligeramente m\u00e1s baja que la de los socios europeos (ver cuadro Anexo 1 abajo).<\/li>\n<li>El inter\u00e9s promedio est\u00e1 en torno al 4%-5%, bastante moderado. Pagamos unos 30 millardos, o un 3% del PIB y un 6% del gasto total de la administraci\u00f3n p\u00fablica. Asumible. Cualquier familia con hipoteca paga m\u00e1s intereses.<\/li>\n<li>La deuda p\u00fablica en euros no va a bajar en Espa\u00f1a\u2026 ni en ning\u00fan pa\u00eds. Para bajar, hay que tener super\u00e1vit p\u00fablico. S\u00f3lo Espa\u00f1a y Alemania tuvieron super\u00e1vit p\u00fablico en los \u00faltimos 10 a\u00f1os (y el super\u00e1vit de Alemania fue irrelevante). Ver datos en Anexo 2.<\/li>\n<li>Los estados tienden a gastar y ninguno baja el gasto p\u00fablico. En los \u00faltimos 31 a\u00f1os (1980-2011), tuvieron super\u00e1vit los siguientes pa\u00edses del listado del Anexo 2: Espa\u00f1a 3 a\u00f1os, super\u00e1vit acumulado sobre PIB, 5%; Alemania 3 a\u00f1os y 2%; UK 4 a\u00f1os y 4%; Jap\u00f3n, 4 a\u00f1os del 89 al 92, antes de su crisis,\u00a0 ahorr\u00f3 6%. No han tenido super\u00e1vit ni un s\u00f3lo a\u00f1o en los \u00faltimos 31 a\u00f1os: Italia, Francia, USA. S\u00f3lo hay super\u00e1vit cuando el crecimiento econ\u00f3mico es muy potente, y a veces ni en esas ocasiones.<\/li>\n<li>La deuda p\u00fablica como porcentaje del PIB s\u00f3lo baja cuando hay mucho crecimiento econ\u00f3mico y el PIB sube m\u00e1s que la deuda p\u00fablica. Espa\u00f1a baj\u00f3 su porcentaje de deuda sobre PIB del 56% al 2001 al 36% en el 2007. Ning\u00fan pa\u00eds de la lista baj\u00f3 su deuda\/PIB en los \u00faltimos 12 a\u00f1os (salvo Espa\u00f1a).<\/li>\n<li>El problema de la deuda p\u00fablica de Espa\u00f1a no es su tama\u00f1o sino el ritmo a que\u00a0 crece debido al d\u00e9ficit desmesurado. Y este se produc\u00eda por ca\u00edda de ingresos y aumento desmesurado del gasto. La administraci\u00f3n p\u00fablica poco puede hacer con los ingresos, pero puede y mucho con los gastos. Honestamente, creo que en este aspecto las perspectivas son muchos mejores que las que hemos tenido en los a\u00f1os anteriores 2007-2011.<\/li>\n<li>Viendo los datos de los \u00faltimos 30 a\u00f1os, y especialmente de los \u00faltimos 12 (desde el 2000), la deuda p\u00fablica de Espa\u00f1a es la que m\u00e1s garant\u00edas ha ofrecido a los inversores debido al poco d\u00e9ficit y poco nivel de deuda, comparado con sus socios europeos.<\/li>\n<li>Me da la sensaci\u00f3n de que los mercados est\u00e1n obsesionados con la situaci\u00f3n actual. Se olvidan de que la inversi\u00f3n en bonos del estado es a 10 a\u00f1os y que hay que mirar las perspectivas a 10 a\u00f1os y para ello, ver como lo ha hecho el gobierno en los \u00faltimos 10 a\u00f1os. Si lo hicieran as\u00ed, en vez de estar pendientes de la \u00faltima micro notica, nos ahorrar\u00edamos mucha volatilidad, incertidumbre y miedo\u2026 que paralizan la econom\u00eda.<\/li>\n<li>La reducci\u00f3n de gasto p\u00fablico producir\u00e1 bajada del PIB. Cierto. Pero no hay m\u00e1s remedio, porque ahora no nos prestan y hay que pasar por ah\u00ed. Toca adelgazar.<\/li>\n<li>Ahora bien, si realmente quieres resolver el problema de la deuda p\u00fablica hay que parar el gasto, cierto. Pero sobre todo hay que aumentar el PIB. Y las medidas para esto no est\u00e1n en manos del Sr. Rajoy sino de Europa (de la Sra. Merkel).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Anexo 1. Public debt as a % of GDP<\/h2>\n<p>\u00a0Source. World Economic Outlook Database. IMF. Publicly available on the web.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table width=\"560\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>Spain<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>Italy<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>France<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>Germany<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>UK<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>Greece<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>USA<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>Japan<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2001<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">109<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">59<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">38<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">104<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">55<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">152<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2002<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">53<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">106<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">59<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">61<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">37<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">101<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">161<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2003<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">49<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">104<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">63<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">64<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">39<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">97<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">167<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2004<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">46<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">104<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">65<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">66<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">99<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">61<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">178<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2005<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">43<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">106<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">67<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">69<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">100<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">62<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">192<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2006<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">107<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">64<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">68<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">43<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">106<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">61<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">191<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2007<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">36<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">104<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">64<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">65<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">44<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">105<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">62<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">188<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2008<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">106<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">68<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">66<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">52<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">111<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">72<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">195<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2009<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">53<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">116<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">79<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">74<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">68<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">127<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">85<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">216<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2010<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">119<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">82<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">84<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">76<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">143<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">94<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">220<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2011<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">121<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">87<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">83<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">81<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">166<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">100<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">233<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Anexo 2. Public deficit as a % of GDP<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table width=\"560\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>Spain<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>Italy<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>France<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>Germany<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>UK<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>Greece<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>USA<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>Japan<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2001<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-0.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-1.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-2.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">0.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-4.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-0.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-6.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2002<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-0.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-2.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-4.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-8.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2003<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-0.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-4.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-4.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-5.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-4.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-8.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2004<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-0.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-7.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-4.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-6.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2005<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">1.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-4.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-5.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-4.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2006<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">2.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-2.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-1.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-2.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-6.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-2.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-4.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2007<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">1.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-1.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-2.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">0.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-2.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-6.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-2.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-2.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2008<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-4.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-2.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">0.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-4.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-9.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-6.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-4.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2009<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-11.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-5.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-7.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-10.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-15.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-12.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-10.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2010<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-9.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-4.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-7.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-3.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-10.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-10.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-10.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-9.2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2011<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-8.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-4.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-5.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-1.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-8.5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\">-8.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-9.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\">-10.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">Average<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"56\">\n<p align=\"right\">2001-11<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>-2.1<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>-3.5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>-3.9<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>-2.5<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>-4.2<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"63\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>-7.6<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>-5.1<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>-6.3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0El lector puede entretenerse obteniendo interesantes conclusiones a partir de los datos.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En los \u00faltimos 12 a\u00f1os Espa\u00f1a tiene mejores resultados de d\u00e9ficit p\u00fablico y deuda p\u00fablica que sus socios europeos y otras econom\u00edas desarrolladas.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":166,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26211],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1898","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gasto-publico-crisis-deuda"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.iese.edu\/martinezabascal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1898","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.iese.edu\/martinezabascal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.iese.edu\/martinezabascal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.iese.edu\/martinezabascal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/166"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.iese.edu\/martinezabascal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1898"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/blog.iese.edu\/martinezabascal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1898\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1906,"href":"https:\/\/blog.iese.edu\/martinezabascal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1898\/revisions\/1906"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.iese.edu\/martinezabascal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1898"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.iese.edu\/martinezabascal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1898"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.iese.edu\/martinezabascal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1898"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}