- Alliteration: repetition of the same sound, e.g. Veni, vidi, vici (Julius Caesar)
- Anaphora: repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a successive phrase e.g. “We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall defend … ” (Churchill)
- Analogy: a comparison; similarity between two things on which a comparison may be based e.g. “the analogy between the heart and a pump”.
- Antistrophe : a repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses, e.g. “In 1931, … , without warning. In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia … without warning. In 1939 … without warning” (Roosevelt)
- Antithesis: opposite or the contrast of words or ideas to a proposition e.g. Not that I loved Caesar less, but I loved Rome more (Shakespeare)
- Arrangement : disposition; organization of a discourse (usually using a deductive format)
- Ceremonial rhetoric : speech commemorating or celebrating an event or a person
- Charisma : special personal power or quality of a person making him or her capable of influencing or inspiring others
- Decorum : using language that is within keeping – congruous
- Deliberate rhetoric : political rhetoric
- Delivery: how something is said; tonality and body language are important here as well as the language used
- Dialectic : a branch of logic / argumentation – it can also be seen as a triad thesis, antithesis and synthesis
- Dignatas : distinction or a state of being worthy of recognition by others
- Elecutio : mastery of speaking style – using the plain (instruction), middle (oration) and higher (ceremonial) styles of speaking
- Enthymeme : informal method of reasoning e.g. “We cannot trust this man (conclusion), for he has lied in the past (minor premise)” The major premise is omitted (Those who lie cannot be trusted)
- Epideictic : ceremonial speaking e.g. Lincoln’s Gettysburg address
- Epiphora : repetition of a word or phrase at the end – The most famous today is, “Yes we can” (Obama).
- Ethos : argument by character; professional and personal credibility
- Euphemism : it is substitution of an agreeable term for an unpleasant or an offensive one e.g. Give up the ghost, Happy hour…
- Fable : a story as an example
- Fallacy : a fallacy is usually a bad argumentation form that doesn’t stand up in logic; in reasoning
resulting in a misconception or presumption. - Forensic : Judicial rhetoric – using the dialectic (argumentation) or logos
- Grand style : ‘Asiatic style’ – a style emphasizing elegance and charm
- Hyperbole : an impression produced by obvious exaggeration
- Innuendo : planting a negative idea in the audience’s head
- Invention : creation of subject and suitable arguments to support it
- Irony : ironia – the words say one thing but mean another e.g. “And Brutus is an honourable man” (Shakespeare)
- Kinds of rhetoric : forensic (legal), deliberate (political) and epideictic (ceremonial)
- Logos : argument by logic; word or message or logical proof of an argument
- Metaphor : implied comparison using words or a phrase not in their literal sense e.g. ‘He is a lion in battle’
- Memory : memoria – helping ourselves as speakers and our audience to remember (usually by associations)
- Middle Style : a style that is neither over argumentative nor emphasizing elegance nor charm
- Oxymoron : contradictory terms or words e.g. cruel kindness
- Paradigm : argument from example e.g. “people think ice hockey players are tough” – it is basically a way of thinking (a set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a view of reality).
- Paradox : a paradox is an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense or received opinion – the contrary figure
- Pathos : argument by emotions; power of arousing the right feelings
- Plain style : Attic style – emphasizing argument and conciseness – opposite to the ‘grand style’
- Red herring : an argument of distraction (a fallacy)
- Rhetoric : the theory and practice of persuasive speaking or writing
- Rhetorical question : it is form of a question without the
expectation of a reply e.g. “Marriage is a wonderful institution, but who would want to live in an institution?” (H. L. Mencken) - Senus communis : the act of expressing a sense of community
- Sophist : a teacher of rhetoric in ancient Greece
- Sophistry : method of arguing that seems plausible but in effect is unsound
- Simile : an explicit comparison between two thing using ‘like’ or ‘as’
- Syllogism : formal method of reasoning; proof in formal logic (see enthymeme)
- Synthesis : the act of making a whole out of parts – opposite to analysis
- Style : manner of using words: the grand, middle and plain styles of speaking
- Tautology: different words to say the same thing
- Thesis : a proposition
- Tricolon : three parallel elements e.g. Veni, Vidi, Vici (Julius Caesar)
- Vision : vivid mental picture produced in the imagination of the listener or reader
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Awesome collection ,really nice,great article.thanks for good work
These are always great to have on hand .. for interviews, high profile meetings, etc – when you want to impress people 😉
I would like to add two points:
SOPHIST: people who use sophistry as their arguing method
Charisma : special personal power or quality of a person making him or her capable of influencing, being atractive or inspiring others.
This is an important point: people likes charismatical people, they want to look like charismatical people .
Charisma is a own people character, but you can also learn it.
its very good work.